Fascinating overview.
The Stoic view is that the 'reasoning faculty', unique to Man and God(s), should be used to observe and understand what we see in the world - 'make the proper use of appearances'. As part of this, people must recognise 'the things that are in our power, and the things that are not'. By seeking only to control the things that are within our power - our individual thoughts, feelings, words and actions - and by treating all else (including our bodies) as neutral external phenomena both beyond our control and incapable of controlling us, we achieve freedom and happiness, or at least contentment.
I drop the God out of this because I don't think that 'God', in the sense that most people will understand the term, exists. But the rest I do my best to take on board.